Building a Field House Essay

Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. My name is Sinclair Cunningham and I am entering my sophomore year at Kishwaukee College. We have met several times before, as I am a member of our women’s basketball team. You were a part of my official visit to Kishwaukee and I have also seen you at several athletic events and banquets, supporting not only my team, but also our department. I am very grateful for all of your support. I am writing to you to share my idea and proposal for building a new athletic field house at Kishwaukee College. The current gym situation is very nice but does not meet the needs of our growing department. We are also very limited for space, and our locker rooms are falling apart. Building a field house would allow for Kishwaukee to improve on many areas include storage, facility, time management, and recruitment. It would also benefit the school by allowing teams to host tournaments and fundraisers and may help raise money for the building. I would like to be able to propose funding for our project and begin a formal process with you and the board. I know you are very busy but I would be honored to sit down and discuss the potential pros and cons to the project and gain some of your ideas. I know there are some obstacles to the project, and I would like to meet with you and tackle them together. I would like to begin raising money by early fall and will have a completed formal proposal to you before the August board meeting. I know how much you support the athletic department and all of our student-athletes. I believe with your help we can build this new facility which will benefit the school in many different ways. It will help with enrollment of future student-athletes, attract more NCAA schools on campus, and can also raise money for the school by hosting various sporting events. It will be a beautiful facility which other schools will want to be a part of and will respect Kishwaukee for. I appreciate your time and am looking forward to sitting down with you in the next two weeks to discuss the different areas of this new idea as I begin this proposal. Like I said, I will have a formal proposal for you to take to the board for your August meeting and hope to begin the funding and the project in the early fall. I look forward to meeting with you soon.

LV & UV GCSE French Oral Examination Essay

There are four broad areas of questions for the general conversation section of the oral examination. These are listed below: 1. Lifestyle 2. Leisure 3. Home and environment 4. Work and education Amusez-vous bien et bon courage! Lifestyle Health 1. Qu’est-ce que tu aimes manger et boire? (State what you like to eat & drink & why, mention things you don’t like to eat & drink & why, what did you eat & drink yesterday, what is your favourite food/drink & why, is it healthy.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu fais pour rester en forme? (Mention things you do to stay fit – what you eat & drink & how regularly, what sport/exercise you do, what you could do more of.) 3. Qu’est-ce qui n’est pas trà ¨s bon pour la santà ©? (Mention things which are not so healthy – e.g. smoking, alcohol, drugs, no exercise, do you do any of these things, how often, how could you be healthier.) 4. Qui fait la cuisine chez toi? Tu aimes bien cuisiner ? Tu le fais souvent? (State who normally does the cooking in your house, is the food good/healthy, how often do you cook, what can you cook, what did you make the last time you cooked, how was it?) Relationships and Choices 1. Quel à ¢ge as-tu? Quelle est la date de ton anniversaire? (State age, when your birthday is, how you celebrated your last birthday, what presents you received, what you would like to do for your next birthday.) 2. Quel genre de personne es-tu? (Describe what you look like, what your personality is like, what you like and don’t like doing and why.) 3. Dis-moi quelque chose au sujet de ta famille. (Talk about your brothers, sisters, parents – physical appearance, personality, what you like and don’t like doing with them and why, how well you get on with them all and why, what you did last weekend with them.) 4. Est-ce que tu as des animaux domestiques? (Discuss what your pet is, its name, age, how well you get on with it, whether you would like another or a new pet, who looks after/feeds the pet. If you don’t have any pet, say why and whether you would like a pet and why) 5. Dà ©cris ta meilleure amie. (Describe your best friend – physical appearance, personality, why she is your best friend, how long you have known her, what you did with her last week, how it was, what you plan to do with her next week.) 6. Dà ©cris l’homme de tes rà ªves ! (Describe what your dream partner would be like – physical appearance, personality, why he would be your dream partner, what is important for you in a dream partner and why.) 7. Est-ce que tu voudrais te marier et avoir des enfants à   l’avenir? (State whether you would like to get married and have children in the future and why or why not. Why is marriage important to you, what type of mother and wife would you like to be.) 8. Tu touches combien d’argent de poche? (State how much pocket money you get, from whom and how often, is this enough – why or why not, what you normally spend your pocket money on, what you bought last week, how much you save, what you are saving for, whether you would prefer to have a part-time job or simply receive pocket money, and why.) 9. Tes parents sont-ils sà ©và ¨res? Pourquoi (pas)? (A continuation of discussing how you get on with your parents – state what you have to do at home, what you are allowed and not allowed to do, whether you think this is fair or not, how would you like to improve your relationship with your parents.) Leisure Free time and the Media 1. Qu’est-ce que tu aimes faire pendant ton temps libre? (Mention three things you like doing in your spare time – e.g. shopping, music, sport, cinema etc, state how often you do this and with whom, say why you like these activities, say what you like to do in good/bad weather, in summer/winter.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu n’aimes pas faire pendant ton temps libre? (State three things you don’t like doing in your spare time and why, mention something you did last week which you did not enjoy and why.) 3. Est-ce que tu aimerais essayer un nouveau passe-temps ? Pourquoi ? (Mention a new hobby you would like to try out and why, mention also one you wouldn’t want to try out and why.) 4. Tu regardes souvent la tà ©là ©? Quelle est ton à ©mission prà ©fà ©rà ©e ? (State how often you watch TV – in the week and at the weekend, with whom you watch TV, what you saw on TV yesterday, what your favourite programme is, why, describe what type of programme it is and what usually happens, state what you don’t like on TV and why.) 5. Tu vas souvent au cinà ©ma? Parle-moi du dernier film que tu as vu. (State how often and with whom you go to the cinema, what are your favourite types of film and why, describe a film which you went to see recently, what happened, who the actors were, why you liked or disliked it, to whom you would recommend this film.) 6. Aimes-tu lire? Quel type de livres aimes-tu lire? Quel est ton livre prà ©fà ©rà ©? Pourquoi ? (State how often you like to read and which types of book, talk about your favourite book – title, author, what happens, why you like it, what you would like to read in the future and why.) 7. Qu’est-ce que tu as fait le weekend dernier pendant ton temps libre? (Talk about two activities you did last weekend – what, where, with whom, how much it cost, what the weather was like, whether you enjoyed it or not.) 8. Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire le weekend prochain? (Talk about a couple of things you will do next weekend – what, with whom, where, whether you’re looking forward to it & why.) 9. Comment sont les magasins prà ¨s de chez toi? (Describe what the shopping options in your area are like, how far do you live from the shops, how you travel there, favourite types of shops and why, what you bought the last time you went shopping, is it better to travel to London for shopping, why.) 10. Tu touches combien d’argent de poche? (State how much pocket money you get, from whom and how often, is this enough – why or why not, what you normally spend your pocket money on, what you bought last week, how much you save, what you are saving for, whether you would prefer to have a part-time job or simply receive pocket money, and why.) 11. Est-ce que tu utilises beaucoup internet ? (Talk about how often you use the internet and what for, e.g. for homework, to write to friends and family, to listen to music and watch programmes) 12. Est-ce que tu as un tà ©là ©phone portable ? (Explain if you have a mobile phone and how often you use it. You could also talk about whether you pay for the bill or whether your parents do. Is it fair ?) 13. Est-ce que les nouvelles technologies peuvent à ªtre dangereuses ? (Talk about the possible dangers of the new techonologies, particularly the internet, but also of their benefits, e.g. the advantages of having a mobile phone) Holidays 1. Qu’est-ce que tu as fait pendant les dernià ¨res grandes vacances? (State where and with whom you went, how you travelled, where you stayed, what the accommodation was like, what you did during the day, what you ate and drank, whether you liked it, what the weather was like, mention one thing you didn’t like and why, what the people were like, whether you want to return next year.) 2. Que fais-tu normalement pendant les vacances de Noà «l? (State what you normally do in the Christmas holidays, where you go, or whether you stay at home, whom you visit, what you do, what you eat and drink, which presents you received last year, what the weather is normally like, what you would like to do in the next winter holidays.) 3. Oà ¹ iras-tu pendant les prochaines vacances? (State where you will go and why, with whom, where you will stay, what you will eat and drink, what the weather will be like, what you hope to do in the day and in the evening, how long you will stay, whether you are looking forward to it.) 4. Es-tu dà ©jà   allà ©e en France? (State whether you have been to France – e.g. Vallà ©e de la Loire, say if you liked it and why, say where you went, what you did, what the weather was like, what the food and drink were like, whether you would like to return, what the people were like, say what the main differences between France and England are for you.) 5. Que peuvent faire les touristes dans ta rà ©gion? (State whether your area is good for tourists or not, list three things tourists can do, what the transport is like, what the accommodation is like, what the weather is like in the summer, what one can do in the evening, whether there are any good restaurants in the area, which sights you’ve visited in the area, whether you would recommend the area to tourists.) 6. Est-ce que tu prà ©fà ¨res partir en vacances en famille ou avec des amis? Pourquoi ? (Explain why you prefer going on holiday with your parents or friends. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of both options. Explain whether there are any drawbacks when going on holiday with friends. Talk about a previous experience.) Home and Environment Home and Local Area 1. Oà ¹ habites-tu? Oà ¹ se trouve cette ville/ce village? (State where you live and where it is situated, say what type of town/village it is, say why you like or dislike living there, say what is nearby, what is good for tourists, what the weather is like in summer and winter.) 2. Dà ©cris-moi ta maison. (Describe what type of house you live in and where in the town/village it is situated, how long you have lived there, list some of the rooms upstairs & downstairs, say if you have a favourite room and why, describe the furniture in your bedroom and whether you like it, describe the garden and what you like to do there. Say where you used to live when you were younger and which one you prefer) 3. Oà ¹ aimerais-tu habiter plus tard? Pourquoi ? (State where you would most like to live and why, what there is to do there, what the weather is like, whether you prefer living in a town or in the country and why, what is there to do there at night, say why you would or wouldn’t want to live abroad.) 4. Tu vas souvent dans le centre de Londres? (Say how far you live from London, how often you go there, what there is to do there, how you travel there, what you did the last time you went to London, say one thing you dislike about London and why.) 5. Qu’est-ce que tu fais d’habitude pour Noà «l/Pà ¢ques à   la maison? (State what you normally do at Easter/Christmas at home, who visits, what you eat & drink, what you did last Easter/Christmas, presents, what would you like to do at Easter/Christmas next year?) Environment 1. Quels sont les problà ¨mes d’environnement dans ta rà ©gion et dans le monde? (List some of the environmental problems in your area and state why the environment is important to you, mention some of the environmental improvements in your area and around the world.) 2. Que peut-on faire pour protà ©ger l’environnement? Que faites-vous dans ta famille pour protà ©ger l’environnement ? (Mention several ways in which one can help the environment, state what you personally and your family do to help the environment, mention one thing you did last week to help, suggest a way in which your area could be more environmentally-friendly. Explain what would happen if we didn’t do something soon.) Work and Education School and Future Plans 1. Parle-moi de ton à ©cole. (Describe your school in every aspect – name, location, number of pupils, staff, private girls’ school, times of the school day, activities at lunchtime, what the school food is like, sports’ facilities, what you like & dislike about your school.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu à ©tudies comme matià ¨res? (Mention some of the subjects you’re learning, say why you like & dislike some, say if you have a favourite lesson & why, are there other subjects you would like to learn?) 3. Parle-moi de ton uniforme scolaire. (State what your school uniform is, do you like it, would you prefer to have no school uniform, is uniform sometimes good?) 4. Qu’est-ce que tu as l’intention d’à ©tudier l’annà ©e prochaine pour le bac? (State which subjects you would like to learn next year and why, will you stay at this school or move somewhere else, state which subjects you would not like to learn next year & why.) 5. Est-ce que tu trouves l’à ©cole stressante? (Talk about what makes life at school stressful. You could mention the amount of homework that you receive everyday, the number of tests that you have and how difficult the exams are. You could talk about how easy life used to be like in primary school) 6. Comment pourrait-on amà ©liorer ton à ©cole? (Make a couple of suggestions as to how your school could be improved – e.g. having boys, no school uniform, better food/facilities etc.) 7. Est-ce que tu veux faire des à ©tudes à   l’università ©? (State whether you would like to go to university, where, to study what, why, or why you don’t know yet.) Current and Future jobs 1. Est-ce que tu as un petit boulot? Est-ce que tu voudrais en avoir un? (State whether you have a part-time job, what you do, where you work, how much you earn, do you like it, why, what you spend you money on, or say whether you would like a part-time job, doing what, earning how much, how you go about looking for work) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu voudrais faire comme mà ©tier plus tard? Pourquoi? (State what you would like to do career-wise, type of job, how much money you would like to earn, would you like to live/work abroad, why this is a good choice for you, what is your dream job & why.) 3. Quels sont les avantages et les inconvà ©nients des diffà ©rents metiers? (Talk about 2 or 3 different professions that you may find interesting and discuss their advantages and drawbacks)

Professional development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional development - Coursework Example They are a benchmark for the evaluation of nursing negligence. Professional nursing standards offer a methodology of assuring clients that the services they receive are quality (Kagan, 2010, 74). The standards facilitate accountability of nurses in their career. By virtue of standards, the society holds licensed nurses and those under them accountable for their actions. The practice of nursing necessitates specialized knowledge, skills, and autonomy in decision-making. Nursing care takes typically divergent paths. In essence, practice of nursing is dependent on the environment, the patient, the disease suffered, and the level of rehabilitation. Furthermore, nurses work in a dynamic society that is a potential source of career hazards for the nurses (Kagan, 2010, 77). They, therefore, are imposed to be acclimatized with the proximate dynamics of the society that contribute to proper healthcare provision. It is the moral obligation of any state to provide its citizens with adequate health care, which forms part of professional nursing. Standards and laws set by health agencies are often in response to the government obligation to citizens on matters of healthcare (Kagan, 2010, 78). In conclusion, practicing nurses are ethically and legally obliged to be aware of the nursing standards to minimize threats to their

Evaluate A Companys Foundation for Execution Assignment

Evaluate A Companys Foundation for Execution - Assignment Example Thus, operating model comprises elements of business model and tactical abilities of an organisation (Deloitte Development LLC, 2011). Operating Model of IBM IBM is an international leader in information and technology segment. IBM performs in a stable business market, having a large number of competitors such as HP and Dell among others. A successful operating model depends on several external factors such as economic environment, market context and industry conditions along with internal factors (IBM, n.d.). IBM has identified three abilities which are also termed as Three A’s that can enhance the execution of operating model namely aligned, analytical and adaptable as demonstrated in figure 1. Fig 1: The Three A’s of Operating Model Source: (Giesen & et. al., 2009) Aligned Aligned operating model leverages core competences of an organisation and implements consistency across every dimension of business (such as external and internal facets). Traditionally, the core c ompetencies of IBM were its exclusive hardware and software solutions along with strong after sales services. However, the low price strategy of leading competitors has significantly contributed towards fading away the core competencies of IBM. In order to revitalise itself, IBM has changed its core competencies by diversifying the business to certain other segments such as insurance, financial services, retail and transportation in order to provide better information technology (IT) solutions. Furthermore, instead of competing with other rivals, IBM has moved towards the establishment of a strong network, facilitating to strengthen its core competencies with regard to better customer services (Harreld & et. al., 2006). Strategic Alignment of IBM: In operating... Thiss paper stresses that architecture maturity comprises different characteristics which are essential for assisting IT infrastructure of an organisation. The infrastructure exists for helping different operations of an organisation. Adaptive and active enterprise architecture allows organisations to change and manage business process complexities inherent in large organisations such as IBM. As architecture matures, likelihood, process control and efficiency also increase. The enterprise architecture model of IBM comprises organised industry leading functions, industry standards, industry rules, and established solution building blocks. It influences the widespread business domain understanding, along with leveraging fruitful industry skills, technical know-how and thought leadership that IBM possesses and utilises for value creation. This report makes a conclusion that the operating model of IBM helps to deliver a set of reliable and positive business outcomes with proper association amid different components. The operating model of IBM typically contains artefacts demonstrating strategic transformations, business procedures and service based architecture. The operating model demonstrates details about different core dimensions of the business which help to differentiate the organisation from other competitors. It is believed that IBM should constantly innovate and refurbish the operating model in order to seize the ever-present business opportunities.

Cross Cultural Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Cultural Management - Assignment Example The challenge for managing the multicultural teams effectively lies in the fact to recognize the underlying cultural reasons of conflict, and to interrupt in a way that would get all the teams back on its track and also empower the members in dealing with the future challenges themselves (Bret, Behfar & Kern, 2012). This can be done by providing effective motivation. Motivation within the individuals is seen to vary across the subject areas (Lai, 2011, p.2). Research had suggested that motivation could be manipulated by using certain instructional practices though both positive and its negative effects had been demonstrated. In managing a multicultural team such as one consisting of Nigerian, Chinese and British people, leadership can play a great role. For a global leader understanding international interaction becomes very essential to implement transnational leadership in the global business world of today. Diversity as well as complexity seems to increase in the domestic scenario as the business operations gets more international (Jokinen, 2004, p.199). The challenge while managing motivation in a multicultural team lies in recognizing "the patterns, values, symbols, meanings, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations" (Paget, 2011). This challenge gets most apparent if the leader discovers that "because different cultures hold different views, a managerial style that is effective in one culture will not necessarily be effective in another" (Paget, 2011). These differences observed in cultural outlook could also affect the leader’s communication with his team members if everyone is not found to be speaking in one particular language. Factors affecting motivation in a multicultural team a. Motivation and cultural differences in a multicultural team While managing motivation a multicultural team, there are many factors that need to be addressed. These can be in the form of respect for every culture, goal concentration, teamwork, clarity of thoughts and ex pression by the leader (Reh, 2012. The leader needs to give special attention to the language and culture of the different people in the team (Babler, 2011). Employees who are respected as in their workplaces and made to feel as a part of the entire team have twice the chance to stick with their employer. Staff retention in turn cuts the recruitment costs can make a huge impact for the whole organization (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.3). Language and cultural attitude can also impact the motivation levels and work behavior. People from variant cultures might have various ways of communicating as well as different values. Using eye contact, body gestures and any formal language and their attitudes towards time-keeping, personal status and the rules are a few of the examples where the cultural differences can make an impact (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.6). There are many differences in the cultural attitude of the Nigerian, Chinese and the British people . As for example, the color white signifies peace in Nigerian and British culture but in Chinese it symbolizes death (Symbolism of Colors, Associations of The Five Elements, Chinese Beliefs, and Feng Shui, 1998). So if there is any mention of the color there are chances where the Chinese employee might feel de-motivated as he might not be used to such situations. b. Multicultural team work behavior different from others It must be understood that a

Four Seasons Hotels And Resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Four Seasons Hotels And Resorts - Essay Example Four Seasons Hotels, Inc. is a Canadian-based international luxury hotel chain consisting of hotels and resorts aimed at the higher end of the accommodation market. It is considered among the best luxury hotel chains worldwide.Four Seasons is a publicly traded corporation headquartered in Toronto, Canada.It has grown from single hotel to a prestigious company with 74 luxury hotels and resort properties several of which include a residential component. These properties operate under the Four Seasons brand name in principal cities and resort destinations in 31 countries in North America, The Caribbean, Europe, Australia, Asia, The Middle East and South America.The business-oriented hotels (as opposed to the resort properties) are typically mediumsize, located in major business and commercial centers, either in downtown areas or in suburbs with significant business infrastructures. Founded in 1960 by Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Isadore Sharp, Four Seasons traces it roots to an idea that proved to be revolutionary: what the global business traveler wanted most was personalised service, available round-the-clock. Frequent international travel, now so commonplace, was an emerging trend in the 1960's and '70s. It set the stage for a new kind of luxury hotel experience.Sharp had the opportunity to capitalize on this trend when the company opened its third hotel, and its first in Europe, the Inn on the Park, now known as Four Seasons Hotel London.... Four Seasons was also the first to provide European-style concierge services and room service 24/7, offer innovative choices in cuisine, taking the hotel dining experience to a new level ,and to make all of these services available at every hotel it operated. Mission To provide Exceptional service in unparalleled settings Goal The main goal is to be an undisputed global leader in luxury lodging. Objectives Provide economic returns that would help sustain the portfolio. Enhance the value of Four Seasons reputation and brand name globally. Generate premium shareholder returns over the long term. Values: Consistently superior quality, exclusivity, a measure of enhanced social status, and a measure of the ability of a brand to make a customer "feel special". The Four Seasons' firmly believes in the golden rule, "treat others, how you would like to be treated". Portfolio The 1990's brought a new avenue of growth, the opening of the company's first destination resort, Four Seasons Resort Maui at Wailea, extending the company's unique approach to the leisure experience. An early pioneer of spa as an integral part of the luxury hotel experience, Four Seasons first introduced a full-service spa in 1986, at Four Seasons Resort and Club Dallas at Las Colinas. By 2001, every Four Seasons resort included a distinctive spa experience and every property worldwide offered on-site spa services.Four Seasons launched a new extension of its brand in 1997. Today, Four Seasons Residential Properties to provide full or fractional ownership of city and vacation homes in some of the most desirable locations around the world. Four Seasons Private Residences in San Francisco, Nevis - soon in Miami and Punta Mita - offer fully deeded hotel ownership of condominiums

Liberalism - Why do liberalists place so much emphasis on democracy Essay

Liberalism - Why do liberalists place so much emphasis on democracy Does that make sense How important is democracy in international relations. Use examples - Essay Example Decision making in a democracy is based on majority rule and the rights of the minorities are protected. A democratic government guarantees equality of all citizens, freedom of speech, assembly and religion, among others. Liberal states are not necessarily democratic (Bobbio 2006: 1). Liberalists strongly emphasize on democracy. The concentration of power and wealth among few people in the society is not good as it brings about many social evils. Democracy has various benefits. It ensures that all citizens are treated equally before the law. It also gives every citizen the right to power. Therefore, anyone can seek an elective post in government. Democracy helps in distributing power to the people. It allows disgruntled voters to vote to change the leadership. A few years ago, democracy used to exist in Western Europe and Northern America only while the other states were not democratic or liberal. However, today many states are democratic. Democracy is the basis for economic and social development. It enhances the development of a nation by making leaders accountable, and therefore helps in fighting vices like corruption. Inefficient leaders are voted out by the electorate and if the leaders who replace them wish to stay in power, they have to meet the expectatio ns of the public. Failure to perform will lead to ouster from office in the next election. Democracy also helps in the even distribution of wealth (Bobbio 2006: 38). The wealthy conservatives in power dislike democracy because they see it as a way to help the poor to rob the rich. However, liberalists maintain that without democracy, the poor are exploited by the rich. Liberalism is concerned with limiting the powers of the government. Democracy considers the opinion of the majority as the only criteria to ensure that the government powers are legitimate. Liberalists strongly advocate the strengthening of democratic institutions. They advocate national referendums, compulsory voting, comprehensive

Physics lab A Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physics A - Lab Report Example Then timing of 50 oscillations followed together with recording of the attained results. Second step entailed repetition of the initial step but with varying lengths (0.8m, 1.0m, 1.2m, 1.4m and 1.6m) coupled with recording oscillations after every 25 vibrations instead of 50 as it was in the first procedure. This experiment entailed hanging the spring instead of string from the support with varying masses at its base (0.1kg, 0.2kg, 0.3kg, 0.4kg and 0.5kg). Then displacing each mass in turn from their middle positions, measuring their displacements and tabulating them in a table. The application of these experiments is immensely in the fabrication sectors where engineers construct diverse models to come up with refined designs meant to construct real machines and objects. This is to minimize losses, which could have occurred if the specialists ignored small tests in determining how the real design will

Evaluation of company user instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluation of company user instructions - Essay Example When the company launched a new set of tooth brushes that came with a unique type of handle shape and size of the brush head, the management sought to change the type of instructions written on the package including the design of the packets that hold the tooth brushes. Particularly there was inaccuracy in the instructions and low quality of pictures that portrayed the explanation on the use safe of the product. The purpose of this memo is to analyze the audience of the company instructions, evaluate the company instructions found at the company website, and then make necessary recommendations on how to improve the usability of the instructions. shes.When the company launched a new set of tooth brushes that came with a unique type of handle shape and size of the brush head, the management sought to change the type of instructions written on the package including the design of the packets that hold the tooth brushes. Particularly there was inaccuracy in the instructions and low qualit y of pictures that portrayed the explanation on the use safe of the product. The only channel that manufacturers use to direct their consumers on how to use their products is through giving instructions, it must be clear to the point. An instruction must be free from ambiguity and duplicity in order to carry out the task well. Furthermore, users rely on well written instructions whenever they do not understand something other than seeking the manufacturer physically or through other means of communication which might prove to be expensive. The instructions were characterized with omission of key actions and false statements that could have misled our intended users. For instance, in reference on how to lean the front when using the tooth brush, the degree must have been mistakenly written as 54 degrees instead of 45 degrees; as the former is unreasonably too high in the circumstances. There was also an error on how to move the brush in one step when it was instructed as left and right instead of up and down. Since the memo will be read by a very busy manager, the contents are direct to the point and do not need deep explanation. The research manager already has some background on what the company manufactures and to redesign the company’s instruction. Evaluation and Recommendations Considering that there could be first time consumers of our product, it would have amounted to a gross loss and a complete show of unreliable instructions. This could even amount to a negative market externality which would consequent ly affect the volume of products sold. Misleading product instructions, although in our case has lesser health impacts, can be treated as a hazard to the health of consumers or even the environment. For instance, if disposal methods are misleading yet the product is harmful to the environment if not disposed of properly. Another instruction that was written poorly or rather displayed incorrectly was the picture of the position of the

Alcohol and Drugs in College Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alcohol and Drugs in College - Research Paper Example Although leaders of institutions have a major role to curb the abuse that compromises student’s grades and leads to poor public health, they have solely left the responsibility to students. The paper discusses the extent of the problem, causes, and the solution to this problem. Statistics and Prevalence Unlike in the past, taking drugs and consumption of alcohols has become an acceptable culture in many colleges in America. After some years of struggling with the issue, deans and parents seem to have given up, empowering students to continue. Recent statistics reveals that 49.4% of fulltime students between the age 18-22 binge alcohol and abuse other illegal drugs. From a research done in the year 1993 and another done in 2005, levels of abuse have not changed greatly. However, cases of excessive drinking continue to escalate as students consume alcohol more frequently and o higher levels. The same researches reveal that more students have taken up to drugs with an alarming ra te of more than 100%. For instance, marijuana users have doubled, while heroin and cocaine users went up by 52%. Apparently, female students match up their male student counterparts in drinking although women have a bigger share in drinking. Men college students have a bigger share in illicit drug abuse with women more likely to become heavy smokers Many college students start drinking and abusing drugs in junior high school and in high school. They take in small portions because the environment restricts usage can lead to discontinuation if one is caught with this behaviour. On joining college, such students are happy to find an environment that fosters drug abuse and more so, gives the students the freedom to attend or not to attend lectures. Arguably, students who use drugs and alcohol in high school use them twice as often-on joining colleges. The first factor that accelerates this behaviour is that on joining colleges, students experience a wide range of demands on individual, interpersonal, leaving home, peer pressure, and making new friends. In the course of making new friends, they meet with their peers who use drugs and alcohol and get lured into drugs. At the college level, experimenting with illegal drugs is a normal occurrence and an accepted routine done by students ignoring the negative effects of drugs. (Blum 65-7 0). Some students consume alcohol to lessen the stress they go in the process of adapting or to correct some psychological problems they might have. The second cause of drug and alcohol abuse in colleges is genetics and family history. Casa survey found out that 70% of college students confessed that their parent’s expectations influence them on whether how much they drink or use drugs (CASA web). College students with proper upbringing stand against the testing times of their peers and the pressure from their age. In the current America, most parents are absent and do not have time to advice their kids on proper behaviour in school. In addition, they themselves consume a lot of alcohol, from the bars or at times in the house, playing an inspirational role to their college students. The role of parents in fostering abuse comes in where some parents give too much money to their children. Therefore, they have enough to feed on, cloth, pay hostel and buy expensive illegal drugs. Others do not question their children usage of money. They just send them money as and when their

Key Factors of Consumer Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Key Factors of Consumer Behaviour Essay 1. Discuss and explain the key factors influencing consumer behaviour. Why must organisations understand consumer behaviour in order to optimise sales? Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (AMA, 2007). Consumer behaviour is the judgment of final consumers individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Kotler et al., 1999) There are four key factors influencing consumer behaviour. They are social, cultural, personal and psychological factors. Consumer may tends to change their buying behaviour according to these factors. Cultural factors are described as people who react particular way regard to religion reason. Different culture response differently, how people behave with their buying decision. for instance in Myanmar, majority of people do not have a habit of doing sport or using supplement for diet purposes. In United Kingdom, on the other hand, groups of men and women tend to emphasis on sport and taking supplement. As a supplement business prospective, they should not supply their product or sell in Myanmar. Social factors are mainly influenced by family, close friend and personal attitude. They are also known as reference group. Reference group are important as the product are satisfied for their needs, the message with forward to another person which is also known as word of mouth. The communication is powerful because we trust our friends and colleagues opinions. For example, majority of wealthy people do not buy a Primark product, simple because of their status, they should be buying much more expensive product such as Gucci and Chanel. If they do consumer Primark product their friend may talk behind their back which affect the status. After taking cultural and social factors into consideration, the next things people naturally put things into account is personal factors. personal factors can be defined as a belief in which a person think the particular brand is valued to them. Personal factors consists of buyers age, occupation, economic situation and lifestyle. Depending on human life cycle, buyers decision making is changing in different stages. Therefore, marketer often segment the market and target the consumer life stages. As an example, it is an inappropriate for the marketer to sell Samsung latest smart phone to senior citizen, they may only want to use simple keypad phone. In term of occupation, people are concerning about their status and image in their society. The products that they consume are crucial to his or her status. Psychological factors include belief, interest and motivation. Everyone has their own belief in different way. Often majority of people are bias when buying a particular brand. There is no right or wrong answer, in fact, people learnt from past experience whether the brand had met their needs or how they perceived the brand . For example, Iphone 5, more and more people are getting the new Iphone 5, not because it is very special. In fact Samsung s3, has better functionality than Iphone but still people buys it. This shows people value the brand of Apple and how they perceived the brand. Motivation factors are another factor that consumer think before they buy. According to Maslow theory, different people has different needs. So, marketer should know how to segment the market and target the right person to maximise sales. In summary, organisation should consider how consumer behave for certain product by looking at these four factors. furthermore, communicating with consumer are crucial to the market as they sent the message the consumer about the products feature. Therefore, marketer has to be segment the market and target the right consumer to deliver the message across.

Tissue Engineering

Tissue Engineering The first time tissue engineering was introduced it gave the promise to repair or replace damaged organs, the field has dramatically evolved from its origins in the late 1980s. Tissue engineering is a field that is rapidly growing and becoming extremely important within biomedical engineering, it mainly links the rapid developments in cellular and molecular biology together with chemical and mechanical engineering. The graph below shows the amount of money the US federal government is spending on different areas of stem cell research. The National institute of health in the United States defined tissue engineering, in other words regenerative medicine as being: An emerging multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering that is likely to revolutionise the ways we improve the health and quality of life for millions of people worldwide by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ function. (1) Tissue engineering is in fact the application of certain scientific principles brought together to enhance the design, modification, construction, growth, and the maintenance of living tissue. Tissue engineering is divided into two main categories. The first being Vitro, this involves the construction of bioartificial tissues from cells isolated by enzymatic dissociation of a specific donor tissue. Bioartificial tissues are ones which are used as an alternative to organ transplantation, these tissues are composed of natural and synthetic substances. The second category of tissue engineering is Vivo, this involves the alteration and variation of cell growth and function. Examples of applications of tissue engineering include, bone and cartilage implants, formation of bioartificial skin and nerve regeneration. Perhaps the most important concept in tissue engineering is stem cell biology. This is the concept which brought back the idea of using cell based approaches for treating diseases such as heart diseases. Research made on stem cells aims to get knowledge on how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Stem cells can be defined as ‘a small subpopulation of the proliferating compartment, consisting of relatively undifferentiated proliferative cells that maintain their population size when they divide while at the same time producing progeny that enter a dividing transit population within which further rounds of cell division occur, together with differentiation events, resulting in the production of the various differentiated functional cells required of the tissue. (6) Stem cells are different to other kinds of cells in the human body. All stem cells have three general properties which contribute to their scientific importance. (1) The first is that they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. Other kinds of cells including muscle cells or nerve cells do not normally replicate themselves. Stem cells may replicate many times or proliferate. A population of stem cells that proliferates for many months in laboratory can yield millions of cells. The second property of stem cells is that they are unspecialised, the ability of the cells resulting from proliferation to continue being unspecialised like the parent stem cells makes them capable of long term self renewal. In fact stem cells do not have any tissue specific structures that allow them to perform specialised functions. A stem cell does not have the ability to perform the functions a heart muscle cell or a red blood cell would do. In other words, a stem cell cannot work to pump blood through the body like a heart muscle cell, and it cannot carry oxygen in blood like a red blood cell does. The third property of stem cells is that they have got the potential to differentiate into various cell types in the body, this process happens during early life. When a stem cell divides, new cells formed could either remain as stem cells or become another type of cells with a more specialised function. Unspecialised stem cells develop into specialised cells, including heart muscle cells, nerve cells and others. In research two kinds of stem cells have been used, these are embryonic stem cells and non embryonic stem cells, also called somatic or adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are ‘undifferentiated cells derived from a 5 days pre-implantation embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture. (1) Embryonic stem cells are mainly derived from embryos that result from eggs that have been fertilised in vitro. Scientists have discovered a method to obtain stem cells from human embryos and then growing them in vitro, these cells are called human embryonic stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells are derived from the blastocyst. These are embryos that are around five days old, the time required for blastocyst formation to start after fertilisation in humans. A non embryonic (Somatic or adult) stem cell is ‘an undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal (in vitro) and differentiation. (1) Non embryonic cells are undifferentiated cells found in a tissue or an organ that can renew themselves and can differentiate and develop specialised cell types of the specific tissue or organ. This type of stem cells is found in many organs and tissues. Adult stem cells are present in the stem cell niche, this is a specific region of each tissue. The main roles of adult non embryonic stem cells in humans are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they reside. The cells remain inactivated and do not divide for long periods of time until a certain disease or an injury in the tissue in which they reside activates them, and they will then start dividing as more cells are required to maintain the specific tissue. Recently researchers came up with new conditions that would allow specialised adult cells to be genetically programmed in order to be able to differentiate into any type of cell. This type of stem cells is called induced pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have unique special characteristics that make them very useful in a wide range of applications. They have the ability to replace damaged cells and provide a new potential for treating disease. They are used in the treatment of extensive burns, and to restore the blood system in patients with diseases such as Leukaemia and other blood disorders. Stem cells can be used to study the development of humans from a fertilised egg and all the processes involved, scientists could Identify the mechanisms that determine whether a stem cell chooses to replicate itself or to differentiate into a specific cell type, and if that is the case what cell type would it be, these information would allow scientists to find out and understand what controls normal human development. In practice a more complete understanding of the genetic and molecular control of these processes may provide scientists with helpful information about how certain diseases arise. This allows scientists to suggest new ways of treating those diseases. The exceptional property of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells that they can renew themselves while maintaining the ability to differentiate into useful cell types. For example, they have been used as a source of human cardiomyocytes. This allowed scientists to go further in research by using those cardiomyocytes in cell based cardiac therapies, cardiomyocytes have also been used in modeling human heart development and in testing drugs. (4) Also stem cells have the ability to provide a source of insulin producing cells, or repair the damaged the pancreatic tissues. This provides another potential to treat diabetes. (5) New medications could be tested for safety on specific cells that perform special functions. A large number of the specific type of cells on which the medications are to be tested is generated from stem cells. Stem cells have the ability to replace cells lost due to other devastating diseases for which no cures have been found yet. Today donated tissues and organs are often used to replace the specific damaged tissues or organs. The problem with that is the fact that, the need for transplantable tissues and organs is a lot more than the supply available. Stem cells, with the ability to differentiate into specific cell types could offer the possibility of providing a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases and replace the damaged tissues and organs. However significant technical barriers concerning stem cells remain, but they are to be overcome by research which is increasing in both importance and scope due to the huge benefits that could be obtained. References: 1- www.stemcells.nih.gov 2- Tissue engineering, Bernhard O. Palsson and Sangeeta N. Bhatia. 3- Principles of tissue engineering / edited by Robert P. Lanza, Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, 2nd edition. 4- Cardiac applications for human pluripotent stem cells. Shiba Y, Hauch KD, Laflamme MA. www.Pubmed.gov 5- Adipose tissue derived stem cells for regeneration and differentiation into insulin-producing cells. Kim SC, Han DJ, Lee JY. www.pubmed.gov 6- Essentials of stem cell biology [electronic resource] / editors, Robert Lanza †¦ [et al.]. 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Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay

Optically Active Pharmaceutical Compounds Biology Essay The molecules which are non super imposable mirror images of one another are termed as chiral. These are a pair of enantiomers and are diasymmetric as well as optically active. Since they promote optical rotation, these enantiomers are also known as optical isomers. These chiral molecules consist of a tetrahedral carbon atom which is attached to four different groups. The carbon atom is the stereogenic or the asymmetric centre of the molecule. The enantiomers are similar in their physical and chemical properties in an achiral environment. Enantiomers have different biological properties. This influences the efficacy and the toxicity of the compounds. Usually, one of the enantiomers is bioactive and the others may be inactive or toxic. Example, Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used for the treatment for blood pressure, angina. The (S) isomer treats the increase in BP more effectively than the racemate form. The (R) isoform inhibits resistance of cancer cells to anti cancer drugs (Crosby, 1991). The enantiomerically pure compounds are very useful and vital in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. It has also been shown that the optically pure and chiral compounds should be used rather than mixture of enantiomers. The optically active pure compounds are used to produce antibodies, hormones, anti inflammatory, amino acids, vitamins, anti cancer drugs, cardiovascular drugs. Chiral chromatography or ligand exchange chromatography was an analytical technique used for separating enantiomers. High performance liquid chromatography whereby chiral stationary phase is used was efficient in separation of enantiomers. The optically active ligands like amino acids are bound covalently to a solid support, thereby forming a chiral stationary phase. Various amino acid derivatives like N -(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) phenyl glycines are also used.(Pirkle and Pochapsky,1987). The major advantage of chromatography is that it results in high enantiomeric excess and is suitable on the analytical scale. However, its drawback is that the scale up is difficult. The production of enantiomers for optically active drugs may be produced by different methods. Pure compounds are recovered by various extraction techniques from chiral compounds (alkaloids, carbohydrates) exist as pure enantiomers naturally. Fermentation of cheap substrates which are available in abundance (like molasses and sucrose) was a widely used source of single chiral molecules lactic, tartaric and L- amino acids and also for complex substances which include vitamins, antibiotics and hormones.(Buchta,1983). Optically pure compounds may be prepared from inactive starting materials by asymmetric synthesis and resolution of racemates. In the process of asymmetric synthesis (Stinson,1993) an enantiomeric reagent or catalyst is used for carrying out a specific reaction on an achiral substrate (prochiral) to produce a single chiral product. Overall, it is a selective technique as it leads to product selectivity. Its disadvantages are that it may be expensive due to the numerous steps involved and also because of the use of costly enantiomeric reagents. It is cheaper to produce a racemic mixture and then separate the enantiomers by physical methods like kinetic resolution or diastereomeric crystallization. Covalent derivatives are formed using optically pure resolving agents in the diastereomic crystallization method. The drawback is that it is wasteful since the unwanted isomer may be discarded. On the other hand, kinetic resolution is based on the principle that two enantiomers react at vari able rates in the presence of a chiral catalyst like an enzyme. This method involves product selectivity. Biotransformation has also become a key technology used to produce chiral substances. It was used by many companies Eg. Celgene Corporation developed procedures to produce amines by using amino transferase (Celgene corporation,1990).The main advantage of this procedure is that it allows 100% theoretical conversion of the substrate into the final product. Membrane chirotechnology is also a widely used method for producing optically pure isomers. In this procedure, the membrane itself maybe intrinsically enantioselective. This means that the membrane represents a chiral system that separates the desired isomers on the basis of spatial conformation. On the other hand, a membrane separation process may be combined with kinetic resolution by making use of an enantiospecific biocatalyst.That is, the membrane helps in the separation of the product from the substrate on the basis of their chemical properties like solubility. Enantiospecific catalytic membrane reactors may also be used. These comprise of membrane processes which are advantageous as they have the ability to work in a continuous mode and enormous amounts of material could be processes at once. The competitive production of chiral substances requires a large scale, cheap process for the production and separation of the enantiomers. Eg. Pyridoxal phosphate dependant lyase and transferase were used as catalyst in the synthesis of L- amino acid via the carbon carbon bond formation. (Sheldon,1993) The widely used enantiospecific membrane reactors are ultrafiltration hollow fibre membrane reactor (Responsible for production of L phenylalanine by using dehydrogenase catalyst (Schimdt et al, 1987) ) immobilized enzyme membrane reactor, packed bed continuous bioreactor, biphasic membrane reactor etc. Ultra filtration, electrodialysis and membrane extraction are common separation processes that are combined with biotransformation. Matson and Quinn(1979) showed the optimization in production of amino acids enantiomers and studied the separation of L amino acids from the racemate solution by making use of an impregnated liquid membrane alone with an enzyme immobilised membrane. Production of L-phenylalanine from racemic mixture of D,L phenyl lactate was shown by 2 consecutive biotransformation in an enzyme membrane reactor whereby the enzyme and cofactor(NAD/H) had been compartmentalised behind an ultra filtration membrane.(Schmidt et al, 1987). Intrinsically enantioselective membranes are also widely used. Substances which are optically active can be separated on the basis of there physical stereo selectivity. Polymeric membranes having the enantioselective properties intrinsically may be prepared making use of chiral polymers or by chiral modifications of the achiral porous membrane in the presence of chiral recognition agent like cyclodextrins, cyclophane and oligopeptides. In order to prepare the enantioselective membranes, optically active polyacryl amides and cellulose derivatives may be used. Yoshikawa et al,1996, showed separation of tryptophan, phenylalanine and alanine by ultra filtration using the chiral selector which was molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes(DIDE derivatives). Enzymes have the ability to catalyse a broad spectrum of chemical reactions with great efficiency and selectivity under mild and environmentally friendly conditions. By exploiting the selectivity of enzymes for one form of the enantiomer of a racemic mixture, the enantiomerically enriched compound can be obtained by biocatalytic resolution.(Thomas et al,2002) Most commonly, the hydrolytic enzyme are used since they display a range of advantages like stability, specificity, no requirement of cofactors. Among hydrolases, lipase is most commonly used because of high enantioselectivity, commercial availability and good stability in various media.(Seung Hwan et al,2004) Recently a new technique was introduced to display the peptides and proteins on the surface of gram negative and gram positive bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells. This was done by fusing the peptides to surface anchoring motif; and the technique is known as cell surface display. The cell surface display lipase proved to be an excellent biocatalytic system for the kinetic chiral resolution of the racemic compound. Recent advances have shown the use of enzymes in the synthesis of optically pure drugs and biologically active compounds. Enzymes have the ability to distinguish between the enantiomers of racemic substrates. Various strategies have been developed to improve the stereoselectivity of resolutions catalysed by the enzyme. This includes modification of the substrate, recycling of the product and altering the reaction conditions. By making use of these strategies, enzymes with modest stereoselectivity can also be used but only one enantiomer is produced with high yield. Enzyme can catalyse transformations with high region selectivity and chemo selectivity under mild reactions. This is important in the modification of chiral drugs. Eg. Penicillin acylase causes the hydrolysis of benzyl penicillin without affecting the beta lactam ring and allows the industrial preparation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid which is a precursor for many semi synthetic penicillins. Enzymes (hydrolases) have success fully been used in the synthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals, however modern methods of protein engineering and industrial microbiology help in the production of enzymes which are more inexpensive, stable with broad substrate specificity and high stereoselectivity.(Alexey L.Margolin,1993) Catalytic asymmetric synthesis is the asymmetric synthesis that is catalysed by chiral (transition) metal complex. The reactions that are involved are Redox transformations or carbon carbon bond forming processes that complement enzymatic hydrolytic process. The three types of chemo catalysts that exist are heterogenous metal catalyst, homogenous complex and soluble chiral acid or bases. Emil Fishers work on asymmetric induction which was based on cyanohydrin synthesis was the first reaction subjected to asymmetric catalysis. Enantiomerically pure amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols and epoxides play an important role as intermediates in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical industry whereby high level of purity and a large quantity is required. The enantiomerically pure active compounds help in improving the economics of the process, thereby leading to reduced quantities applied and less amount of an environmental impact. Chemical process for the manufacturing of amino acids: Even though asymmetric syntheses of amino acids are known (Michael Breuer et al,2004), no economical process has been developed. Bucherer Bergs sub type which is Strecker synthesis was employed for the industrial manufacturing of the racemic amino acids. The alpha amino nitrile is produced from hydrocyanic acid, ammonia and an aldehyde and may be hydrolysed to the amino acid directly or in the presence of carbon dioxide it gets converted into hydantoin. The hydantoin is then subjected to hydrolysis in a basic media to give the racemic amino acid. Another route to the racemic amino acid is amido carbonylation in the presence of a transition metal. Although, there is no commercially viable chemical process for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amino acid, the production of racemic amino acid is still of great importance because the racemates may be converted to enantiomerically pure compounds by various biocatalytic methods. The catalysts used in the biotransformation are metabolically inactive cells or isolated enzymes. It is the method of choice for the production of enantiomerically pure D- amino acids and various other non natural amino acids. Lyases may be used as biocatalysts in the production of L- Aspartic acid from fumaric acid (Beller et al,2000). Amino acid dehydrogenase (deaminating amino acid oxido reductase) allows enantioselective biotransformation on an industrial scale. These enzymes have low substrate specificity due to which non natural compounds may also be transformed. In addition, they also require co substrates which help in supplying the hydride ions for the reduction of Schiff base. There is also a chemo enzymatic method for amino acid synthesis. In this, L- amino acid gets oxidised by L- amino acid oxidase. Imine (intermediate) gets reduced by Pd-C in ammonium formate buffer. In the resulting racemic mixture, only L enantiomer is utilised by oxidase where as the D- enantiomer accumulates. Therefore, the enantiomeric form of the amino acid which is produced depends entirely on the specificity of the oxidase. The enantiomerically pure amino acid can also be prepared by the racemate resolution. Eg: L and D amino acid can be prepared with the Hydantoinase-carbamoylase system. Production of carboxylic acids: Carboxylic acid can be isolated from natural sources(chiral pool).Naturally occurring chiral compounds obtained from the chiral pool are an alternative to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure products. An examples of a chiral carboxylic acid that is isolated from the natural sources is L (+) tartaric acid (Mitsugi et al,1978). During the fermentation of grape, the isomeric form of tartaric acid separates out as tartarate (potassium hydrogen tartarate).On reacting with calcium chloride or calcium hydroxide and sulphuric acid, isomeric tartaric acid is released; gypsum and yeast residues occur as the by products. Natural carbohydrate building blocks were used for several decades for the preparation of sugar acids which were enantiomerically pure. Another method is the classical chemical synthesis which involves crystallization with enantiomerically pure amines. The enantiomers of the racemic carboxylic acids are known to separate by fractional crystal lization of the diastereomeric salts which are formed with the enantiomerically pure amines. Eg: Thiazolidine carboxylic acid (enantiomerically pure), an intermediate in the synthesis of CP-060- S is isolated by the resolution of racemate with N- benzyl-1-phenylethylamine. (Pompejus et al, 2001) Production of amines: The chemical process involved is the crystallization with chiral carboxylic acids. Isolation of enantiomerically pure amines can be carried out by the crystallization of diastereomeric salts of chiral carboxylic acids with chiral amines (Jacques et al,1980). Thus (R) or (S) 1- phenylethlyamine may be produced on an industrial scale by the crystallization with either (R)- mandelic acid or (S)- malic acid. Mandelic acid was shown to be an important resolving agent for numerous numbers of amines. Dutch resolution is a variant of the classical racemate resolution. In order to reduce the search for an appropriate resolving agent for an amine through combinatorial approach, a mixture of many optically active acids were used. The salt that was precipitated contained several acid anions. Production of optically active amino alcohols: (S)-2-Aminobutanol is an important amino alcohol intermediate which is used for the synthesis of ethambutol (tuberculostatic)and it must be administered in its enantiomerically pure form as it may lead to blindness. The enantiomerically pure form can be obtained from the racemate by carrying out the crystallization with L-Tartaric acid.(Sheldon et al,1993) Production of alcohols: The main process involved was the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. Noyori et al showed the development of asymmetric hydrogenation of keto esters and ketones. The catalysts used were ruthenium complexes of binap and derivatives like tol-binap (Akutagawa,1995)and segphos. The biotechnological process is mainly the enzyme catalysed resolution. For the resolution of racemate alcohols, enzymatic acylations were developed in early 1980s.The racemic alcohols are made to react with an acylating agent under enzyme catalysis whereby one enantiomer is unconverted whereas the other enantiomer is esterified. The biocatalysts used are bacterial and fungal lipases. Production of epoxides: This includes sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. The route to the formation of chiral epoxides is based on the optically active diols which may be converted to their respective oxiranes. Another method is the Jacobsen asymmetric epoxidation which is based on (salen) manganese III precatalyst and the hypochlorite is used as the stoichiometric oxidizing agent. The chemical processes may be compared with the biotransformation with respect to the environmental impact and economic efficiency. The drawbacks of the chemical routes are solvent emission or toxicity of certain compounds. On the other hand, chiral technologies are developing rapidly. Highly versatile technologies and procedures are introduced. Most chiral intermediates are produced in minute quantities. Therefore, the criteria that should be considered for the methods introduced are that they should have a broad substrate spectrum, not require specialised equipment and have a cost effective access to a range of products. It is not possible to make general conclusions about the superiority of one type of technology in comparison with the others. The most economic technique will depend on their component which is why each case should be investigated individually. However, in the overall process, the chiral step should be introduced as early as possible but this may be hindered by other factors like racemisation of the unwanted isomer. Membrane chirotechnology is also an emerging technique having several advantages with respect to the purity of simple isomers, productivity and ease of scale up. These techniques have mainly been used at the laboratory scale. Application on a large scale needs more investment especially in developing the experimental set up rather than investigations which have been carried out on chirality that have been developed in the chromatographic field.

William Faulkner Essay -- Biography

The South is known for its many astounding artists, novelists, and writers; however, William Faulkner is uniquely categorized by many as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Faulkner became known for his diction and literary techniques. William Faulkner chronicled the history of Mississippi: however, his choice of universal themes made him a literary giant around the world. Faulkner achieved many great accomplishments without a high school diploma or college degree. Faulkner had proved to the world that Southern writers were not as substandard as many viewed them to be. They were, in fact, quite phenomenal. William Faulkner born on September 25, 1897 to Murry Cuthbert Falkner, a railroad employee and Maud Butler, an amateur painter (Minter, 755). Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi ; however, he spent most of his life in Oxford, Mississippi (Polk, 55). In Oxford, Faulkner began listening to many stories told at small family gatherings as well as large reunions. Many stories told by Faulkner’s family originated from adventures of Faulkner’s great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner . Since Faulkner was disappointed and embarrassed by the meager success of his own father, he drew closer to his grandfather, but it was his great-grandfather who he saw as a model and rival ( Minter, 755). Faulkner was an excellent student throughout the first several grades; however, he quit school in 1915 without a diploma disappointing his family. Even though Faulkner dropped out of school, he read avidly (Minter, 755). Faulkner made a habit of hanging around places where people gathered to swap tales ; After Faulkner began writing about north Mississippi , a friend remarked that, â€Å" he seemed to know e... ...y two of his novels received Pulitzer Prizes. In 1924 Faulkner received the Nobel Prize for literature for his unique contribution to the modern American novel. After Faulkner donated his Nobel winnings to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers, the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction was established. Whenever Faulkner’s involvement in the early phases of the civil rights movement evoked, he and Estelle moved to Charlottesville, Virginia , where Faulkner became writer-in-residence at the university of Virginia (minter, 760). In conclusion, William Faulkner, the Southern writer , Nobel and Pulitzer prize winner, sweep the nation with his diction and literary techniques. With his fictional stories he laid literary hands on Mississippi and narrated the universe throughout its culture. His universal themes made him a literary giant around the world.

Employee morale Essay -- essays research papers

NON-TRADITIONAL WORKING HOURS IMPROVE EMPLOYEE MORALE & INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY Prepared for Mr. Robert Pigg, President Lakedale Manufacturing 1 Desert Storm Drive Niceville, FL 33870 Prepared by Human Resource Department Lakedale Manufacturing 320 Ardennes Street Arabia, NC 28357 Lakedale Manufacturing Human Resource Department 320 Ardennes Street Arabia, NC 28357 Mr. Robert Pigg, President Lakedale Manufacturing 1 Desert Storm Drive Niceville, FL 33870 Dear Mr. Pigg: Here is the report on the productivity and morale study concerning working hours you asked us to conduct. As you will see we have made recommendations to support the benefits of flexibility in working hours which will increase productivity and morale in the work place. This office is confident you will see the benefits in flexible working hours at the Lakedale Manufacturing Plant in North Carolina. We really appreciate the opportunity you have given this office to conduct a study of this magnitude. If you need additional information concerning this report or in implementing our recommendations, please call us. Sincerely yours, Gary Gobble Chief, Human Resources Department Laws and Regulations Policies and Procedures When it comes to laws and regulations, we must keep in mind that the relationship between an employee and the organization is a contractual one. The employee and the organization must agree on the terms and conditions that will govern their relationship. This agreement is made at the time the employee is hired for a certain position. Any change or modification to the original agreement must be agreed upon by both the employee and the organization. The laws and regulations that govern the contractual relationship come from several different sources and place constraints on the relationship. They may be statutory federal laws or state and local laws that supplement those found at the federal level. The constraints placed on the relationship are necessary. They seek to ensure a balance of power in the relationship as well as provide specific protections to both the employee and the organization. Up to this point Lakedale Manufacturing is in compliance with all federal, state and local laws. At this time the only legislation to mandate rights to alternative working time options is the Federal Part-Time Career Employment Act of 1978. This act made reduced-time options available... ...w skills and work at different tasks? Is there any specific schedule you need? Would you be available for over-time if needed? TIME REPORTING After we make selections of the teams we need to be define how we will record hours worked by these teams. How can we simplify the documentation process without having a mountain of paperwork? Since we already use Excel, we can design a flextime spreadsheet template for keeping track of hours worked by each employee. We can also buy the software from IT Resource Services. IT Resource Services offers this software in both the Mac or PC format. This spreadsheet automates all the time-consuming calculations necessary to track actual daily time worked and the balance of time accumulated under the flextime system. The spreadsheet can be printed at the end of each flextime reporting period to be submitted as the official report to Personnel Services. RECOMMENDATION To promote these family friendly programs, I recommend that we facilitate the team work project. I also recommend we begin the survey of our employees. To save time and man hours I believe we should contact IT Resource Services for procurement of the time keeping spreadsheet template.

The Race That Left Me Rolling :: Racing Sports Essays

The Race That Left Me Rolling It was a Saturday morning, and all I could think about was the days race at Placerville speedway. I woke up early to eat a good breakfast, and to allow enough time to get my racecar ready. It wasn’t until about 2:30 p.m. that I finally loaded my midget light into the trailer. Then I drove straight to the racetrack where I stood in line until 4:00 p.m. It looked like it was going to be a great night for racing. At about 5:00 pm, I rolled onto the track to start mudpack (this is where you pack down the excessive mud from the racing surface). I finally felt as though the night had begun. After mudpack was finished, I moved straight into the hot laps (four to five laps of practice). My car was running good in hot laps, which satisfied me. Next were the heat races; the heat races are a very important part of the night, they decide weather I transfer to the main event. The 12-car field lined up to take the green flag, and I knew that I needed to finish at least fourth in order to transfer to the main. I knew finishing fourth would be know problem, because I was starting on the out side of the second row (that puts me in 4th position). When I got the â€Å"one to go† sing, telling me it was one lap until the race started, my heart began pounding. When the green flag waved, I darted to the top of the racetrack passing into third position in the first corner. I stayed high out of turn two a nd got right beside second place. My car was going as fast as it could entering turn three allowing me to blow by the second place car beneath me. Now that I was in second position, all I needed to do was drive smoothly to transfer. On the last lap, one of the faster guys from, that started in the back of the field, caught up to me and slide his car under me to put me and into second. Even though I finished in third place, I still transferred to the main event. With all the excitement of the heat race, it was no doubt that I was anxious to start the main event. It was finally time to start readying myself for the main.

International organizations Essay

Introduction. The World Bank has been at the forefront in eradicating poverty among nations as well as supporting or maintaining sustainable development. It has carried out numerous projects to this regard. Establishment of the projects effectiveness is however an important steps to monitor if the objectives of the plan are actually met. Monitoring the projects should start right after the project commences. Background. The World Bank was formally established in December 27 1945 after the ratification of the Breton words agreement. The main aim of its establishment was to prevent any re-emergence of the economic depression as had occurred in the 1930’s. It is a bank that offers loans to developing countries to fund development projects or programs in trying to attain the goal of reducing poverty. It also offers loans to developed countries who it has prior scrutinized for creditworthiness. The World Bank was to ensure that the markets forces were let to operate without government interferences. It would assist in the reconstruction and development of nations. The interests gained are used to assist the developing countries. Its headquarters are in Washington D. C and its activities are aimed to reducing global poverty, implementing sustainable development and focusing on the achievement of millennium development goals and goals calling for the elimination of poverty. The constituent parts of the World Bank are IBRD and the IDA (International Development Association) which achieve their aims through provision of low or no interest grants to countries with little or no access to international credit markets as a way of empowering them. (McGee et al, 109) The bank operates as a market based non profit organization whereby it uses its high credit rating to make up for low interest rates of loans. The bank’s mission is to aid or assist developing countries and their inhabitants to achieve the MDG’s (Millennium Development Goals) by alleviating poverty, developing an environment for investment, job creation and sustaining growth. Promoting economical growth as well as investing in empowerment to enable them to participate in development. IDA grants are given for environmental concerns . The World Bank works to solve pollution issues, infrastructures, education, health, governance agriculture and rural development. The World Bank follows certain philosophies which are known as the comprehensive development strategies that are comprehensive and long term. Long term strategies will ensure sustainable development compared to short term ones. Development goals and strategies should be ‘owned’ by the country or based on local stakeholder participation in shaping them. (Robb, 2). Plans should aim at the local peoples’ needs and it should incorporate them in it. Failure to incorporate the locals results to negative impact of programs on the people as they feel neglected and do not understand the aim of the programs. The development performance should be evaluated through measurable results on the ground so that adjustments can be made. Strategies ought to be timely, specific, and measurable. (Woods, 3) Case studies. The Cape Action Plan for the Environment (CAPE) is a 20 year national program to ensure that by 2024 the natural environment of Cape Florist Region (CFR) and the adjacent marine environment will be effectively conserved and restored. When appropriately implemented, it is aimed at delivering significant benefits to the people in a way that will be embraced by the locals, endorsed by the government and recognized internationally. The two main objectives were to ensure that institutions relevant cooperated to develop a foundation for mainstream Cape Florist Region and the conservation of CFR enhancement through piloting and adaptation of sustainable models as well as effective management. For the successful implementation of this program, it must involve the local people right from formulation through implementation of the project. The government ought to support it too and foundation for biodiversity economy ought to be put in place. Priority sites include the unleashed protected areas. The program is delicate and it entails a great concentration of threatened plant species in the world. The protected area does not adequately protect biodiversity and this is the reason behind some environmentalist arguing that the progress or methodologies used by the World Bank program are not satisfactory. Approximately 95% of protected land is in the mountain habitats with only 4. 5% of the original extent on lowland. The reserves do not adequately sustain the ecological and evolutionary processes that are essential for the long term persistence of the CFR’s diverse plant population. Functional riparian ecosystems migration corridors and natural fire cycles are some examples of such processes. The government also decreased its funding thus affecting the programs success. Institutional support which entails the government’s support of the program both materially and legally is crucial in the success of such a program. Proper management will call for more funding it its going to be successful. With reduced government funding the staff training, environmental education and program control of alien vegetation are negatively affected. Fewer funds affect the implementation of the conservation measures and the positive effects that would have resulted are not attained. Limited financial resources made it hard to meet the costs of new and protected areas. Lack of commitment by the key agencies to the project worked for the failure of the project. The program causes threat on land transformation where urban population will increase as more people leave the lands for cultivation. It is always argued that change of land use from traditional agricultural use to conservation of land use can be regarded as a retrogressive approach for agriculture development. Trees could be cut in the process and this could lead to destructive effects on the climate causing concerns by the environmentalist. Tree form a very important in carbon control in the atmosphere. They work to reducing the effects of global warming, an international concern that affects global climate. In fact the urban growth in Cape Town is 2% per year. The ecosystem risks facing degradation due to invasive alien species. Approximately 43% of the Cape peninsula is covered in alien vegetation and thus poses a great risk of the estimated 750 species of plants facing extinction. The institution failed in disseminating coordinated information on the CFR biodiversity. Not sharing relevant information by agencies led to ineffective conservation planning. The fragmented legal institutional frameworks saw the natural habitat protection jeopardized. Again with a few qualified human resources the conservation was negatively inclined. Increased funding will see a great improvement in the training exercise. Lack of public involvement in the conservation will result to outright reduction in the conservation procedures. Lack of private involvement in the conservation process worsens the situation. Environmental education program reduce and representation of people in the conservation activities will be reduced and this will lead to ineffective in conservation. (Covey, 87)

How to Build a Backyard Kennel

? How to Build a Backyard Kennel? By Kimberly Mathis The most important thing, about building a backyard kennel, is what size, what strength and what features are needed for your dog. What is a backyard dog kennel? A backyard dog kennel is a small, fenced – in area used to contain your dog. It is an area used to keep your dog safe and contained while outdoors. It is not recommended that your dog stay in the kennel permanently. In fact, dog psychologists recommend that you allow your dog time inside as well. What size do you need? Well, what size is your dog? If you have a small dog, you won't have to build a big yard. The larger the dog, the bigger the yard. A yard has to be big enough for your dog to eat, sleep, and use the bathroom. A dog will not soil the area where he eats. This is very important because if you have a large dog and you put him in a small kennel, he has nowhere to eat and do his business. The size of your dog, also, depends on how strong you need to make it. You also need to ask yourself â€Å"How long is my dog going to stay in this kennel? † As I mentioned before, it is not a good idea to make the kennel your dog's permanent home. It causes anxiety in your dog. It also causes behavioral differences in your dog. Okay, let's get started. First, you will need to get supplies. Now most of the supplies can be bought at a local feed store or a local hardware store. You will need the following: Wooden Support Poles. You want these poles to be 6 ft high and at least 4 inches at the base. Unless you have a big dog, then you want to go taller with the posts. We don't want the dog to jump out of his cage and cause a unpleasant mess. U-nails is also required. These will help hold your fence in place. You will also need fencing. The experts prefer you to use portable metal fencing. You will need a gate for your kennel. This gate needs to be heavy and with a latch. That way your pooch can't push it open and escape. Finally, you will need a hammer and a screwdriver. Next, you will need to measure out where you are going to put this kennel. You need to make sure that it is big enough so your dog can run around yet not so big it inhibits your whole yard. Then you go and buy your materials. Remember that your yard is outside and should be able to withstand the forces of nature. Pick your spot. Make sure that there is shade and sunlight. A grassy yard is a good thing. It helps recycle the dog's urine and feces well. You also want to make sure that when it rains, it isn't going to fill up with mud and puddles. These can cause serious problems for your pet. Make your fence. Put your posts in the ground approximately 2 feet down and 4 foot apart. After you put in your posts, you want to put the dirt in around them and pack them down well. It will help your fence stay sturdy and strong. Now you are ready to attach the fence. You will attach your fence by using the U-nails. The experts say to use 3 per post. You are almost finished now. The last thing you want to do is attach your gate. Now to attach the gate, you have to make sure that it will close†¦. that was a little humor†¦. I would be the type to put a gate on and it not close properly. The gate should have a latch on it. You want to screw the hinge onto a post. Check that the gate swings easily. I cannot express how important it is that the latch work. I actually have a backyard dog kennel that was built almost exactly like the one I am describing. There is no latch on the gate. This creates a problem. My dog manages to push the concrete bricks, that are holding the gate shut, out of the way. With a latch, I wouldn't be having this problem. I have stated previously that I have a backyard kennel made almost exactly like the one I described. I found that it doesn't work very well. I have a wolf breed type of dog and she digs out from under the fence. My suggestion would be to lay concrete down and make sure the fence is in the concrete. Also, with a large breed dog, you will want to make sure that it is high enough so your dog will not crawl out of it. We have had that problem as well. I searched for different sites to help me write the best description of a backyard kennel and found only one. It is apparent that most sites do not recommend putting your pet outside in an enclosure. I, personally, am one that doesn't find anything wrong with it. I tried to let my dog inside and she ate my house. She likes being outside. Unfortunately, she likes to be UNDER our house and that is not acceptable. So we built her a dog yard with house and a porch and a canteen area. She is living the life of dogs out there and doesn't seem to like it. She is constantly figuring ways to escape and go under our home and into our duct system. I refuse to put air conditioning in her house. We have a state-of-the-art dog house that is under a perfect shade tree. The only solution, that I could come up with is that I am going to have to install concrete around the fence line. I am hoping that it works and keeps our dog in her yard. I did my essay on this subject in hopes of finding out what we did wrong. Unfortunately the only thing I see that we did wrong was making it her permanent home. I really didn't learn a lot about this but it was a fun and informative subject. This is how to make a backyard dog kennel. http://www. ehow. com/about_4568749_backyard-dog-kennels. html

Cultural Changes and Continuities in the Mediterranean Essay

Throughout history, the Mediterranean has offered a vast amount of political transformations leading to both cultural continuities and variances. One of the main political changes that occurred in this area was the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire, which took place from around 200 C.E to 1000 C.E. While these empires consisted of roughly the same culture, they had different political structures which led to some differences. Other alterations that came up were the rise of Islam and the invasion of Germanic tribes. This led to cultural diffusion in the Mediterranean and had many effects on the cultures of this area. Many relate the fall of the Roman Empire to it being split in half in 330 C.E; however, the Roman Empire officially fell in 476 C.E. when Germanic tribes overthrew the Western half of the empire. The Eastern half went on to be known as the Byzantine Empire which already had its own capitol, Constantinople, and its own emperor. Christianity had already been legalized by the Roman Empire in 313 C.E, before the split. It had spread so rapidly afterwards that it soon became the official religion of the state. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire, this was one of the main continuities. Christianity was the official religion of the Byzantine Empire as it had been for the Roman Empire. Not only did the Byzantine Empire stay Christian, but also the Western half of the Roman Empire, at that point conquered by Germanic tribes, stayed Christian and the conquering tribes converted to Christianity, which was a change. Another continuity of Roman culture into Byzantine culture was that a Byzantine emperor, Justinian, actually created a code of laws from compiling laws that were used in the Roman Empire, such as the citizenship laws that were prevalent for most of span of the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine (eastern Roman Empire) continued to speak Greek, and the Western Roman Empire continued to speak Latin. This continuity of Greco-Roman culture not only showed in language but also in architecture. It was built off of architecture in both Rome and ancient Greece. An architectural feat particularly associated with the Byzantines is the Dome, an idea based off of the Roman arch. Columns were also commonly used inside Byzantine churches, which is a Greek architectural design. A prominent change in the culture of the Mediterranean was the rise of Islam. It spread rapidly throughout the Mediterranean region of Africa, which had beforehand been a variety of religions. Although Islam was not very prevalent in most of the European Mediterranean, it did make the crossover in 711 C.E. to Spain. Before this Spain had been Christian and there were still Christians in the area, it was just that Muslims were more prevalent. In conclusion, the political transformations that occurred from 200-1000 C.E. throughout the Mediterranean region, influenced the culture of some Germanic Tribes, the Byzantines, and some Muslim groups, affecting the entire coastal area.

How Does Black History Month Relate to Education ?

The very essence and importance of Black History Month is to the whole world. It is of importance to educate the world and make sure that everyone is aware of the trials and hardships that we had to go through starting with slavery. There are various way that you can tie this significant month with education. Most Africans American do not realize how you need education to learn about these significant events that we lead up to today. Black History Month is celebrated during the month of February each year. Black History Month is not just a month but each day is a celebration for what our ancestors went through.During Black History Month, there days where we look at the things that all our ancestors and famous African Americans did for us like Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr, and the Little Rock Nine. All of these people had a special affect on the lives of African Americans today. They all had one thing in common also which was standing up for what they believe in. Rosa Parks allow ed for us to sit in front of the bus, Martin Luther King Jr had a dream which we are still working on, and the Little Rock Nine allowed for the schools to become integrated.Schools, churches, and the community help with this celebration. Most schools celebrate Black History Month especially predominately African American schools because without the events that African Americans went through, there would be no integrated schools, teams, or even jobs. Some might think that we still would have been slaves, not have the ability to interact with other races, or even still living without freedom or respect. Some would also say that we as African Americans would still be treated disrespectfully or like an untamed animal.Not knowing about this month, would not allow for us to have freedom or even our rights. We as the a society need to make sure that we keep educating people especially African Americans on what we have been through and what we fought for especially with the people that foug ht for us including our ancestors. People take our rights and the freedom that we gained for granted. Without black history, we would not have a month, rights, freedom, or even equality.They all went through disrespectful trials to make sure African Americans now can have the comfort to live. These events led us up to today with African Americans having the ability to go to school and to gain an education. African Americans and other races need an education to take them to follow their dreams on what ever they want to do. Now we are at the year 2013, where there are many African Americans succeeding and taking over the world such as our President Barack Obama.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a changing environment and to fulfill stakeholders’ expectations. So strategic decisions are likely to be complex in nature and may be made in situation of uncertainty i.e. they may involve taking decisions with views of the future. It demands an integrated approach to managing the organization. Strategic decisions will very often involves change in organization, which may prove difficult because of heritage of resources and culture. They have to manage perhaps change relationship and network outside of the organization. So strategic decision-making requires special qualities of skills and knowledge. i) Corporate level strategy is concerned with the over all-purpose and scope of an organization. This could include issues of geographical coverage, diversity of products/services or business units and how resources are to be allocated between different parts of the organization. ii) Business unit strategy is about how to compete successfully in particular markets. The concerns are therefore about how advantage over competitors can be achieved; what new opportunities can be identified or created in the markets; which products or services should be developed in which markets; and the extent to which these meet customer needs in such a way as to achieve the objectives of the organization perhaps long term profitability or market share growth. So, whereas corporate strategy involves decisions about the organization as a whole, strategic decisions here need to be related to a strategic business unit (SBU). iii) Operational strategies is at the operating end of an organization, which are concerned with how the component parts of an organization deliver effectively the corporate and business level strategies in terms of resources, processes and people. Strategic management is the management of the

Case study(Leadership) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

(Leadership) - Case Study Example The leader who seeks to bring about organizational changes should understand the need for change, the change processes, implementing change, and possible reactions. Bass (1985 cited in Shackleton 1995, p. 113) and Burns (1978 cited in Shackleton 1995, p. 113) put forth the concept of transformational leadership. In spite of some variations, there is broad agreement in the concept suggested by Bass and Avolio through their "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)" and the "Managerial Practices Survey (MPS)" of Yukl, which includes managerial practices such as clarifying, supporting, inspiring and team building. (Tracey and Timothy, 1998). Ultimate Office Products realized that changes in the atmosphere such as intensified competition and heightened consumer expectations called for improvements in customer service such as electronic order processing, tracking and servicing. The company instituted the new department of information systems with Richard Kelly its director. Richard observed many unnecessary activities and bottlenecks were slowing down work processes. He installed new computer workstations and software to speed up and control the processes. However as most departmental heads - Richard's peers resisted change it could not be implemented. The CEO authorized constituting a number of cross-functional teams under Richard to report to a steering committee composed of departmental heads. The task forces were constituted to identify changes required in work processes. An outside consultant was called in to advise the task forces. The 'task forces' met with key customers to understand customer preferences and improve the efficiency of order filling system. They made recommendations to the steering committee often attended by the CEO to emphasize its seriousness. With the cooperation of all departmental heads, the company eliminated many unnecessary processes and within a year, was able to double order processing speed. The 'change for the better' brought about a change in peoples' attitudes too and many of them now volunteer to work on teams that design ways to improve service quality. B. The leaders' behaviour The CEO was able to see the environment driving change: discount merchandisers and office product super-stores altering traditional distribution channels. Manufacturers were challenged with demands for rate cuts and speedier processes for billing and filling orders. This necessitated process automation, which is primarily a change in technology and entailed in the creation of the new department of information. Richard Kelly the director of the new department installed the components for automating processes, the computer workstations and software. However installation of new technology by itself cannot bring about desired changes without making efforts to bring about simultaneous changes in the attitudes, skills and roles of various stakeholders. Richard, was not able to put the equipment to use as some of the key stakeholders, managers from sales, production, accounting, shipping and customer service, who were his peers did